Final Review

Tom Kelliher, CS17

May 16, 1996

1. Loops:
   1. Counter-, sentinel-controlled.
   2. Pre-, Post-test.
   3. for loop: initialization, condition, post-processing.
   4. while, do while.
   5. break, continue.
   6. Nested loops.
   7. Essential equivalence of the three constructs.
2. Reference variables, parameters:
   1. Variable: alias for a ``real'' variable.
   2. Parameter: alias for the actual parameter.
3. Two types of parameters:
   1. Call-by-value: formal parameter is a copy of the actual parameter. Actual parameter can be any expression of appropriate type.
   2. Call-by-reference: formal parameter is an alias for the actual parameter. Actual parameter must be a variable of the appropriate type.
   3. Simple example:

      void f(int& a, int b)
      {
         ++a;
         ++b;
      }
      
      int main()
      {
         int i = 0;
         int j = 0;
      
         f(i, j);
         cout << setw(10) << i << setw(10) << j << endl;
         f(1, j);
         cout << setw(10) << i << setw(10) << j << endl;
         f(i, 1);
         cout << setw(10) << i << setw(10) << j << endl;
      
         return 0;
      }
      

   4. Example combined with scope, visibility:

      int i = 0;
      int j = 0;
      
      void f(int& a, int b)
      {
         ++a;
         ++b;
         ++i;
      }
      
      int main()
      {
         int a = 10;
         int b = 12;
         int j = 100;
      
         f(a, b);
         cout << setw(10) << a << setw(10) << b
              << setw(10) << i << setw(10) << j << endl;
         f(i, j);
         cout << setw(10) << a << setw(10) << b
              << setw(10) << i << setw(10) << j << endl;
      
         return 0;
      }
      

4. Recursion: no recursion.
5. Additional types, ranges:
   1. char
   2. short
   3. int
   4. long
   5. signed, unsigned.
   6. float (6, 38).
   7. double (19, 4,932).
   8. long double
6. Arithmetic anomalies:
   1. Overflow.
   2. Underflow.
   3. Representational.
   4. Cancellation.
7. Arrays:
   1. Terminology, numbering.
   2. Declaring.
   3. Initializing: numeric, char, strings (2 ways).
   4. Using.
   5. Parameter passing: one element, entire array (size parameter).
8. Disk I/O:
   1. fstream.h
   2. ifstream, ofstream
   3. open()
   4. fail()
   5. eof()
   6. close()
   7. get()
   8. getline()
9. Character data and strings:
   1. ASCII, EBCDIC
   2. Collating sequence (Professor Levish???).
   3. ctype.h
   4. tolower(), toupper(), etc.
   5. isupper(), islower(), etc.
   6. Requirements for a string.